John Shook, Chairman and CEO of the Lean Enterprise Institute, says we need to rethink the way we manage our supply chains after the earthquake and tsunami in Japan.
Henry Ford could get the customer any type of Model T as long as it was black, but the Ford Motor Company now finds itself in the strange position of being able to supply vehicles in any color except (metallic) black as a result of the catastrophe in Japan.
The earthquake-tsunami that hit northeast Japan has rocked global supply chains that will be changed forever. Who knew (I didn't) that so much of the world's production could be so devastated by disruption from a single region? Instead of simple knee-jerk responses, let us commit to leverage these events to initiate a new and total revolution in sourcing strategy. First, a quick look at how we got here.
What happened?
A trend that started in the auto industry in the 1990s has become a tsunami that has now hit the whole industrial world—a radical supply model that outsourced, offshored and ‘single sourced’ from a single supplier, often at a single plant thought to be the cheapest location in the world. (And tooling costs were also saved by installing capacity at only one supplier location.)
Twenty years ago, Inaki Lopez at GM and then VW kicked off this revolution in automotive supply chains that quickly expanded to the whole industrial world. To be sure, a revolution was needed at that time. OEM-supplier relations in the auto industry were often too cozy and OEMs had so many suppliers they could barely identify them all. Lopez made the First Commandment of Sourcing: Lowest Global Piece Price. All previous considerations of how parts related to operations went out the window. Cozy buyer-seller relationships vanished (that's good) but sensible considerations such as total cost, quality, logistics, and partnering for mutual prosperity also disappeared.
Before long, even internal operations were held to the same pricing standards. ‘Outsourcing’ grew along with ‘offshoring,’ under the edict, "Match the price I can get in China or your contract goes up for bid." And up for bid they did go, and out of business they went. First, smaller suppliers closed their doors, at huge cost to OEMs to replace the lost supply of parts and materials. They were followed by larger ones. Eventually all major automotive-dedicated suppliers based in the USA filed for bankruptcy.
As a result, supply chain logistics became increasingly complex. Other trends contributed: more sophisticated software and transportation systems, for example, led to the rise of ‘3PL’ or third-party logistics specialists. Logistics and even supply chain strategy became outsourced. Outsourcing begat outsourcing. Not unlike the specter of machines designing machines (as in The Terminator), a monster was created. In the end, yet another key competence of manufacturers was lost to specialists whose interests were their own, not the OEM's, and not the customer’s.
There is nothing inherently wrong with sourcing globally, but a single-minded focus on lowest piece price with no regard to broader regional strategies leads to unneeded complexities—and, as we see from the catastrophe in northeast Japan, unneeded risk. Who knew (I didn't) that 40 percent of the auto industry's microchips were being produced in one relatively small region, most of them in one factory.
The simplistic and predictable reaction of some critics to question just-in-time is, of course, not the real issue here—supply chain strategy and configuration are. In fact, semiconductors weren't being produced via JIT anyway. Large batches still hold sway in the electronic components industry. And yet as usual, the catastrophe in Japan has given rise to cries for the end of JIT. Minimal buffer stocks caused immediate production losses so surely the answer, according to critics, is more production and more stock. But increasing buffer stocks or finished goods inventory to buffer against a one in a 100 year interruption is absurd (See Nonsense about JIT by Jim Womack).
A car has thousands of discrete parts and doesn't become a car until it has each and every one of them. ‘Tuxedo Black’ is Ford's name for a color dependent on a unique pigment from a Merck plant close to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant. It isn't produced anywhere else. Merck says the plant wasn't damaged but, due to radiation, engineers won't be able to reenter the plant for weeks and once they do it will take six to eight weeks to set things back to order and begin producing Zirallic, Merck's name for the pigment. In the meantime, Ford can still build a truck for you, just not one in Tuxedo Black.
The deeper problem is that most companies didn't understand the full extent of their exposure to risk. Buyers know their suppliers, but usually not their suppliers' suppliers, or the suppliers of those suppliers. Toyota has demonstrated remarkable ability to recover from supply disruptions in the past. Honda too: when US tariffs disrupted their steel supply ten years ago, Honda airlifted carbon sheet steel from Japan to the US.
A new model for sourcing and logistics—regional and rational
The solution is not just a matter of exiting northeast Japan, another knee-jerk reaction of some supply-chain companies. Rather, the solution lies in totally rethinking supply chains. In general, it makes most sense to produce close to where you sell. And in general it makes most sense to engineer close to where you produce. And it certainly makes most sense to procure as close as possible to where you produce for your customers. For most large firms, that means regional supply strategies.
So let's use the current crisis to signal an end to 20 years of madness in sourcing strategies. Single sourcing is dangerous. That much is obvious. And 100 sources all competing for the next contract based on piece price is also dangerous, in a different way. When that single source is continents away from production facilities, the danger is magnified.
A new sourcing model is needed. The wisdom of ‘dual supplier’ strategies of many lean thinking supply chain managers is clear; avoid both single source and ‘numerous source’ situations. When Deming advocated what he called ‘single sourcing,’ he was promoting OEM-supplier relationships based on partnership, not zero-sum negotiation, and on cost of quality, not price of transaction. Toyota's traditional approach was to pursue dual sourcing for first and second tier suppliers (unfortunately this did not always extend to often small third-fourth tier suppliers). Thus Toyota is especially suffering from the global supply crisis since 80 percent of its in-vehicle computer chips were being supplied by one facility in northeast Japan with no easy re-sourcing possible. With dual-sourcing, risk is avoided, such as when one supplier facility goes down, and competition is encouraged, with two suppliers in the game.
Anyone anywhere who wants to make their country a competitive manufacturing location needs to practice lean math. That's total cost (including the potential cost of disruption on long-distance supply chains) rather than the piece price plus slow freight cost calculation done by most manufacturing firms today. The US, specifically, is already a much more ‘competitive’ manufacturing location than most senior managers seem to think, based on the continuing decisions to send manufacturing to locations far and wide. For an example of a simple total cost model, from the Reshoring Initiative, go here: http://www.reshoringmfg.com/ .
But, be careful. Any costing model will be based on assumptions, and while risk can be included, no risk model could account for the disruption that began on 3 March, 2011. Rather than a cost model that we hope will spit out the perfect answer every time, it's more practical to work from some simple principles of lean supply chain configuration. Shorter lead times are better than long. Closer proximity between suppliers and customers is better. Shipping regionally is better than shipping across oceans. Less inventory with more frequent delivery is better than large inventories that move infrequently. Single sourcing, especially single location sourcing, is bad— it's risky and doesn't leverage natural, healthy competition tension. Maintaining hundreds of suppliers for the same part is also bad; it generates complexity, confusion, and costs of redundancy.
Also, the challenge of adopting a total cost view is more than resistance to the basic concept. Companies are inept at understanding true total costs, let alone how to make decisions accordingly. As costs are broken down and allocated across functional lines, ownership and even understanding become murky. That's where the lean math comes in. Matt Lovejoy is CEO of Acme Alliance, a casting machining company outside of Chicago. Acme has operations that produce the same goods in Illinois, Brazil, and China, so Acme knows the actual cost (not price, but cost) of producing in each country. Buyers often approach Matt and Acme in Chicago with an edict to source products in China, for example, when it makes more sense, in every way, to produce closer to the OEM, closer to the customer.
Matt has found that many Lopez-ized buyers who want to shift sourcing from Illinois to China fail to consider a plentitude of costs and consequences. Metal can cost more (surprise) in China than the US (see Shanghai Metal Index versus London Metal Exchange). Energy costs more in China than the US. Same with high-quality equipment, which may be more costly in China than the US (due to high import duties for European or Japanese machinery). And, since labor comprises a tiny portion of the cost of making most casting products, these items alone are worth careful scrutiny. And then what about the time and cost of managers' time to visit global locations, along with the communication challenges of late night conference calls with difficulty understanding those on the other end of the phone? And here's a key point to consider: What reductions in total cost could be realized if the time, effort, and energy of sourcing across the planet were actually invested in the local supplier through kaizen?
The point here, to repeat for emphasis, is NOT that sourcing in China or Brazil is a bad idea. The emergence of China and Brazil as productive sources for the global production community is a positive phenomenon of historical importance. But, each sourcing decision needs to be made on its own merits.
Stop the madness
Lean thinking brings things together, emphasizing the connectedness of all parts, organizationally and physically—suppliers that are close to OEM factories that are close to customers. It will be no easy task to unravel the unneeded complexity caused by 20 years of piece price optimization. We can start making progress in that task by going back to the basics of starting with the customer, defining value, and working backwards from there. Working together, we can create supply chains that flow value from raw material to customer with ever shortening lead times, profiting both OEMs and suppliers.
Just as JIT is not the practice to challenge here, neither is the practice of sourcing globally. The problem is far greater than being unable to order your vehicle in Tuxedo Black. "You need a crisis," we like to say, to spark your transformation. Global supply chain managers should be happy—they have a crisis of epic proportions.
The catastrophe in northeast Japan is tragic enough in its own right and needn't have been made more so by things within our control: convoluted, high-risk, high total-cost supply chains generated by the lunacy of a narrow focus on lowest global piece price. Now is the time to rethink and reconfigure supply chains so they are rational, regional, practical, low in total cost and risk and high in fostering quality—in short, lean supply chains.
© Copyright 2011 Lean Enterprise Institute, Inc. All Rights reserved. www.lean.org
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John Shook is chairman and CEO of the Lean Enterprise Institute. He learned about lean management working for Toyota for nearly 11 years in Japan and the US, becoming the company's first American kacho (manager) in Japan. As co-author of Learning to See, Shook helped introduce the world to value-stream mapping.
Shook also co-authored Kaizen Express, a bi-lingual manual of the essential concepts and tools of the Toyota Production System. In his latest book Managing to Learn, he describes the A3 management process at the heart of lean management and leadership.
Shook was a senior advisor to LEI from 1997 when it was founded by management expert James P. Womack. He succeeded Womack as chairman and CEO in 2010.
